Biohybrid devices, which combine engineered cells with bioelectronics, represent a promising frontier where the strengths of both fields merge to create novel constructs with properties not otherwise attainable. Recent advances in biomaterials and synthetic biology have enabled cells that can be remotely activated through various modalities, allowing them to carry out complex tasks such as sensing and biomolecule production. These living cells have potential applications in diagnostics and cell-based therapies. However, they are limited by the inherent constraints of biology.
Bioelectronics, on the other hand, leverages established computational hardware and software to integrate various inputs, including biometric and external data, and enables long-distance communication. Despite its capabilities, bioelectronics often requires significant power to perform complex tasks and lacks the specificity and adaptability that living cells offer. The convergence of synthetic biology, biomaterials, and bioelectronics presents exciting opportunities for the development of next-generation regulated cell therapies, diagnostic tools, and robotics.
A critical aspect of these biohybrid devices is the bidirectional communication between engineered cells and bioelectronic systems, which must efficiently transmit information across different modalities. Although advancements in synthetic biology and bioelectronics show promise, challenges remain, such as preventing fibrosis or fouling in implants and ensuring reliable life support for cells. Addressing these issues may require co-designing biomaterials, bioelectronics, and cell engineering.
Notable progress has been made with biohybrid prototypes in areas like therapy, diagnostics, and robotics, though most remain in the proof-of-concept stage. Future advances will likely focus on extending longevity, enhancing feedback and regulation, and developing multicellular systems to push the field forward. The continued development of closed-loop control systems and cell support infrastructure is expected to facilitate breakthroughs in biohybrid bioelectronics. These innovations will enable real-time, data-driven patient care, improving adherence and access to treatment through remote monitoring and therapy.
